Where to take force?

What god to ask?

(Leonid Gorlach. The Ruin)

Nature is a main energy source and sets the live examples of its rational transformation and use.

Energy of attraction moves by galaxies and planetary systems.

Nuclear transformations which take place in the enormous volume of the Sun are an inexhaustible energy source that falls on our planet as hertzian waves and gives the life to all living.

Similar processes pass within our Earth, they were instrumental in formation of new chemical elements, their compounds, and later, resulted in formation of mainlands, oceans and atmosphere, engendered simple, and later, complicated biological organisms.

The ocean flows, tidal, rotation of water in nature, thunderstorms and large winds are the examples of renewal power balance of planet. They are accompanied by transfer of huge amount of energy and are Renewable energy sources.

If to take into account a power potential of sun, wind, water and also the potential of internal energy of substances, the power potential of humanity can be considered practically inexhaustible.

Energy is found round us, we are surrounded by different forms of energy.

The goal of this paper is to give determination of the separate concepts linked with the use of energy and to set interrelation between them. The terminology of description is consciously taken in a separate section and has for a purpose the facilitation of perception of material on all stages. This chapter sets the scopes of consideration and forms a systematical approach to the subject.

Walking by unknown lands, even experienced travelers must not be laid on the good sense only. Therefore maximally pressed presentation of physical bases of receipt of energy will considerably facilitate the perception of material by a reader, which is in search of practical application of methods and charts that are examined here.

Energy is a basis of all processes which pass in Universe.

Energy is examined as one of the fundamental concepts of science. In the study of basic types of energy the fundamental science - physics is engaged. She tries to explore in detail and give explanation of the elementary power system. For example, exploring the behavior of solid, fundamental science studies processes that take place in an elementary atom. Only after that she passes to the study of more complicated formations, for example, molecules and already then goes back to the problem of solid.

Energy is the unique criterion of all forms of motion of different types of matter. The best description of matter was done in old times.

P. Golbah determined a matter as all that acts on our feelings.

The second determination of matter was given by the philosophers-materialists of age of the Enlightenment that come back deeply into the epoch of atomistic conceptions of antiquity – the philosophers-materialists determined the matter as a substance, a bases of all existing in a world.

Two different approaches – two points of view on the same reality.

From the point of view of the philosophers-materialists all bodies in Universe are built from elementary breaks, atoms. This idea of atomistic construction of all bodies was corroborated by science of New time and played a prominent role in its development. The second tradition was represented by Denis Didro and examined the existence of matter as substances that appear in great numbers of the concrete phenomena.

The task of concrete sciences is a research of properties of concrete objects of world, from elementary particles to the metagalaxy on the whole.

All types of matter are linked one with another, each of them is developed from the other. Construction of matter can be represented as a hierarchy of different levels of matter.

In accordance with modern scientific looks, the deep structures of material world are represented by the objects of elementary level, first of all by elementary particles. The properties of particles are extraordinary and strongly differ from properties of macroscopic or bulk bodies, we deal with in the everyday life.

All elementary particles are characterized simultaneously by corpuscular and wave properties. The conformities to natural laws of their motion, which are studied by quantum physics, differ from that of the macroscopic bodies described in classic physics.

Before the opening of elementary particles and their interaction the science distinguished two types of matter – the matter proper and the field.

Yet at the beginning of ХХ age the field was determined as a continuous material environment, and the matter – as an interrupted environment, which consists of discrete particles. 

The development of quantum physics exposed a relativity of such division between the matter and field. Only on a macrolevel, when it is possible do not to take into account the quantum properties of the fields, they can be considered as continuous environments. But on microscopic level the fields are examined as such, that consist of quanta – particles that are characterized simultaneously by corpuscular and wave properties. For example, the electromagnetic field can be represented as a system of photons, and the gravitational field – as a system of gravitons – hypothetical particles, existence of which is foreseen by a quantum theory. At the same time the particles of matter – electrons and positrons, mesons et al –the physics examines in a number of tasks as quanta of the proper fields (electronic-positron, meson and etc.).

The elementary particles take part in four types of interaction – strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational. Only two last types of interaction exhibit themselves on large distances, therefore these processes are related not only to microcosm but macroscopic bodies, planets, stars and galaxies also submit to them. As to strong and weak interactions, they are characteristic only for the processes of microcosm.

The elementary particles can be classified relatively to the types of interaction.

Adrons (heavy particles – protons, neutrons, mesons et al) take part in all types of interaction.

Leptons (easy particles – electrons, neutrino et al) do not take part in strong interactions, but only in electro-weak (electromagnetic and weak) and gravitational. 

The hypothetical gravitons exhibit themselves only as transmitters of gravitational forces. In strong interactions a lot of adrons do not differ. For example, nucleons (neutrons and protons) do not differ one from another, all P- mesons come forward as one particle. But when the electromagnetic forces are included, the nucleons split on two constituents, and the P- mesons - on the three (P0, P+, P-). A similar breaking allows examining particles as display of some deep structure. The search of such structures makes the primary objective of modern physics. On this way the science tries to define those deep properties and state of matter that define in the end the evolution of universe, feature of interaction and development of its objects. 

By the first great success on this way there was opening of quarks structure of adrons. Quarks have a shallow electric charge - 1/3 or 2/3 of the charge of electron, which is adopted even 1. The interaction of quarks passes thanks to exchange by gluons. The increase of distance between quarks inside of adrons results in sharp growth of forces that link quarks. Quarks were not observed so far in a free state.

Quarks and leptons are the base objects in the system of elementary particles. They are main build material for the matter of our world, as nucleus of atoms exist thanks to the interactions of quarks and formation of electronic shells round a nucleus results in creation of atoms.

Any secret is not obvious, and time did not yet come to obvious.  (Leonid Gorlach. The Ruin). The modern physics did not yet created the unique theory of elementary particles, on a way to her only first steps are done, but these steps are very important. An exposure of general deep structures of particles, which take part in strong interactions, and establishments of unity of weak and electromagnetic types of interaction stimulated the development of idea of joining up of all types of interactions: strong, electro-weak and gravitational within the framework of unique theory.

To be continued…

By Vasil Sidorov on October 17, 2009 in Queltanews.com

sidorovvasil@gmail.com